Data

Data repositories

• GESIS Search
• ICPSR

General social surveys

• European Social Survey
• Eurobarometer
• European Values Study
• General Social Survey, United States
• AmericasBarometer
• INID, Russia
• International Social Survey Programme
• LISS Panel, the Netherlands
• German National Educational Panel Study
• Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey of HSE
• German Socio-Economic Panel
• Trajectories in Education and Careers, Russia
• World Values Survey
• Life in Transition Survey

Politics, political behaviour, and attitudes

• Armed Conflict Location & Event Data
• American National Election Studies
• Comparative Study of Electoral Systems
• Democratic Electoral Systems dataset
• European Election Studies
• German Longitudinal Election Study
• Inequality and Politics, 14 European countries
• International Civic and Citizenship Education Study

Contextual data

• Democracy Matrix
• ESS multilevel and contextual data
• Varieties of Democracy

Twin and behavioural-genetic data

• Netherlands Twin Register
• TwinLife, Germany

Links were reviewed in September 2026.